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Showing posts with label extent of paranormal beliefs. Show all posts
Showing posts with label extent of paranormal beliefs. Show all posts

Monday, December 27, 2021

When a Court Case Was Won by Mind Reading

In 2016 I wrote a post lamenting the miserably bad coverage of the paranormal that has long occurred in the pages of the New York Times.  At some time in the twentieth century, the New York Times seemed to turn into a kind of Pravda for materialists.  Pravda was an ideologically-driven paper that was one of the two main party organs of the Communist Party in the Soviet Union, from 1912 (before the formation of the Soviet Union) until 1991 (when the Soviet Union broke up). During that period of nearly eighty years, a Communist in Moscow would pick up his daily edition of Pravda, and be almost invariably reassured that the world was working just exactly the way a Moscow Communist would expect it to work. The paper very rarely reported facts or reports clashing with the belief system or expectations of Communists; and in the rare cases when such things were reported, they were mentioned in such a biased way that the Communist faith of the reader would never be shaken. 

For many decades the New York Times has reported in a similar way in its treatment of the paranormal. It has seemed to follow the policy of never publishing stories that caused a dogmatic materialist to question his assumptions about the way the world works.  Evidence of this can be found by using a search phrase of "parapsychology site:www.nytimes.com" with the Google search engine.  The first ten results are all from before 1986. The next ten results are all from before the year 2000. 

When we finally get (in the 30th search result) the first link to something in the New York Times other than an obituary written in the past twenty years and dealing with parapsychology, it is a poison-pen piece inaccurately defaming parapsychology research and unreasonably calling its researchers and subjects "shallow."   The book review discusses an excellent 500-page book detailing at great length a host of evidence for the paranormal, very much of it very good scientific evidence produced under controlled lab conditions by prestigious authorities.  

The reviewer (a person with no substantial writings on the topic of the paranormal or parapsychology)  is allowed to dismiss the book's very weighty evidence on the grounds that "none of the experiments described in 'Phenomena' struck me as scientific," which is a very impressionistic, unscientific statement. After making unsubstantiated insinuations that the testers were credulous dupes,  the reviewer most inaccurately states that there were no "efforts to replicate results," which is very false (very many of the results described in the book were well replicated).  It sounds very much like the reviewer didn't even read the book being reviewed, or how could he have made so large an error? The writer gives as his main evidence against paranormal phenomena the fact that he spent lots of some rich person's money searching for paranormal results without finding anything that convinced him, on the grounds that they could be duplicated by magicians (a factor that is irrelevant when you are testing subjects that you have made sure are not using any of the fancy mechanical and electronic equipment of magicians). Of course, given a sufficiently skeptical observer with enough hatred for those who make claims of the paranormal (someone like the reviewer), a negative result will always be claimed no matter what was observed. It's just the kind of book review we would expect to get in a paper that has for decades served as a kind of Pravda for materialists. 

The New York Times has in recent years published some noteworthy articles on UFO sightings, but such articles should not cause us to regard this as much of any change of attitude at the paper. You can be a die-hard materialist unreasonably denying the mountain of evidence for psi phenomena, and still believe that Earth is being visited by spaceships from other solar systems. The "kneel before the high priests of academia" attitude of the New York Times is often shown in its science articles, where unfounded dogmas, groundless speculations, poorly designed experiments and poorly-established boasts of professors tend to be treated with reverent credulity.  There are very good reasons for thinking that some of the most important claims made in the Science section of the New York Times are untrue (reasons which may be found by reading other posts of mine). 

If we consider its coverage of the saving of Lily Groesbeck, we can find an illustrative typical example of the "don't tell materialists anything that might upset them" policy that seems to be in effect at the New York Times.   About 10:30 PM on March 6, 2015, a car carrying Lynn Groesbeck and her 18-month-old daughter Lily flipped over and crashed into the bottom of a small river. Apparently the mother was killed by the impact, but her daughter survived. Strapped into her toddler car seat, the toddler hung upside down in the overturned car. About 14 hours later an angler noticed the car, and called the police.

Three police officers and a fireman arrived. They reported hearing a voice coming from the car. “The four of us heard a distinct voice coming from the car,” officer Jared Warner told CNN. “To me, it didn't sound like a child's voice.”

"It felt like I could hear someone telling me, 'I need help,' " Officer Bryan DeWitt told CNN affiliate KSL. "It was very surreal, something that I felt like I could hear."

Tyler Beddoes, a third officer on the scene said this to CNN: "All I know is that it was there, we all heard it, and that just helped us to push us harder, like I say, and do what we could to rescue anyone inside the car.”

Upon opening the car, the officers found the mother had suffered severe trauma, and was apparently dead. By all indications she died when the overturned car plunged into the river. The child was “definitely unconscious and not responsive," says Warner. The 18-month-old child, thankfully, survived and was reported to be in good health.

The question is: how could such a voice have been heard, when the mother was dead, and the child unconscious? We have here a dramatic incident of great interest, a seemingly paranormal event. The CNN article on the saving of Lily Groesbeck gave us the officer quotes above, which were later corroborated by a dramatic head-cam video that I saw on www.youtube.com, but which is no longer available there.  In the video the officers speak just exactly as if they were hearing a voice urging them on to save the child. 

But what did we read in the New York Times article on the amazing event? The New York Times article merely mentioned that a baby had been saved, without telling us anything about the mysterious voice urging on the officers.  The paranormal part of the story was apparently censored or suppressed by the New York Times. 

And so it is, day after day, week after week, month after month, year after year, and decade after decade at the New York Times. Objective attempts to measure how many people have paranormal experiences produce very substantial percentages.  To thousands of people this question was once put: "Have you ever, when believing yourself to be completely awake, had a vivid impression of seeing or being touched by a living being or inanimate object, or of hearing a voice, which impression, so far as you could discover, was not due to any external physical cause?" Of the 27,339 replies to this question  3,266 answered in the affirmative. A signficant fraction of the human population seems to have out-of-body experiences (about 10% to 20% according to the surveys listed here).  In a survey of 300 students and 700 non-student adults in  Charlottesville, Virginia  (not at all a hotbed of New Age thinking), the result was more than half of the respondents claimed an extraordinary ESP experience.  We live in a world in which psychic phenomena and paranormal events are extremely common, with a very substantial fraction of the population experiencing or reporting them. But you would never know that from reading the pages of the New York Times.  

It was not always that way. Long ago, rather than seeming to follow a motto of "all the news that won't shake the cherished beliefs of a certain class of people,"  the New York Times actually lived up to its motto of "all the news that's fit to print." When a psychic demonstrated ESP in a court room in 1915, the New York Times was not afraid to report what happened. 

Here is the report published in the New York Times in 1915, as quoted in the interesting 1951 book Second Sight in Daily Life, written by an author (W.H. W. Sabine) providing many first-hand examples of ESP and precognition:

"W. Bert Reese, whose 'mind reading' demonstrations have mystified many scientists, including Thomas A. Edison and Dr. William Hanna Thompson, author of Brain and Personality, was discharged yesterday by Judge Rosalsky in General Sessions on his appeal from a conviction by Magistrate Barlow of disorderly conduct, under a section dealing with fortune telling. Reese convinced Judge Rosalsky, Assistant District Attorneys Bostwick and Flint, and two reporters by demonstrations in court that he was not a disorderly person, but a man with apparently unusual powers." 

"Reese was arrested at 230 West 99th Street on February 26 on complaint by Detective Adele Priess, who said she had paid him $5 to have her fortune told. Reese denied that he had told her fortune or accepted any money. He was found guilty and held in $1,000 bonds to keep the peace for one year."

"When his case came before Judge Rosalsky yesterday on appeal, Reese asked permission to demonstrate his abilities to the court. He told Judge Rosalsky to write something on each of three pieces of paper, and to fold them so that he might not be able to read what had been written. Judge Rosalsky put the papers in different pockets after he had mixed them up so that he could not distinguish them himself. Then Judge Rosalsky produced one of the folded papers and pressed it against Reese's forehead." 

" 'You ask me how much money you have in a certain bank,' he said. 'Fifteen dollars is the answer.' Judge Rosalsky admitted that the answer was correct and produced the second piece of paper. 'This piece contains the name of one of your old school teachers Miss O'Connor,' Reese said. The third question, which he read correctly but did not answer, was: 'What was the rule in Shelley's case?' " 

"Reese performed similar demonstrations for the benefit of Mr. Bostwick, Mr. Flint, and the reporters. His last feat was to give the maiden name of the mother of one of the reporters. All the questions were written on General Sessions stationery, which Judge Rosalsky supplied." 

" 'I do not consider you a disorderly person,' Judge Rosalsky said, when the demonstrations were finished. 'You are honorably discharged." 

The book by Sabine says this about Reese (the man who prevailed in the court case):

"Reese was repeatedly tested by scientific men under their own conditions, and satisfied them of his supernormal powers. Schrenck-Notzing [a physician] described him as the most extraordinary man of the day, and his demonstration to judge, lawyers and reporters amply bears that out." 

The New York Times allows us to search its archives, but wants you to pay for any articles you read from such archives. Using its archive search facility without paying anything, I can find the headline below, which corroborates that the book quote from the New York Times is an accurate one:

Newspaper report of mind reading

One of the skills in question was an inexplicable ability to describe contents hidden in sealed envelopes or closed boxes. In the nineteenth century such an ability was demonstrated countless times in public exhibitions, and also documented at length by distinguished writers, as discussed here and here. Evidence for such an ability is also to be found abundantly in the twentieth century (see here for example or the post here describing a very similar ability).  There is a mountain of good evidence for the reality of telepathy, much of it gathered at universities under good experimental protocols (see here for example).

The fascinating 632-page book "Psychical and supernormal phenomena, their observation and experimentation" by Dr. Paul  Joire is teeming with evidence for paranormal phenomena, and most abundantly documents evidence for telepathy and clairvoyance.  On page 337 we read one of countless cases in the literature of parapsychology in which reliable witnesses describe someone's ability to inexplicably tell what is inside closed boxes or the inner contents of sealed envelopes inside sealed envelopes. A clairvoyant was given a page with two verses, enclosed like this: "there  were  two  envelopes  and  two  sheets  of  paper to  pass  through  before  coming  to  the  sheet  containing  the inscription  to  be  read." One of the envelopes was opaque, and various seals were applied to make sure that the clairvoyant had not opened either of the envelopes. The clairvoyant accurately quoted the verses contained within, which should have been unknown to her by normal sight or hearing:

"Votre  parti  certainement 

Se  tue  par  rassainissement"

The success of this experiment was sworn to by eight distinguished witnesses, including a mayor, a lawyer and a journalist. 

Online the New York Times nowadays is mostly behind a paywall. You can read its headlines at www.nytimes.com, but after reading a few articles a month you will get a prompt that stops you from reading further and asks you to pay for a subscription that costs 52 dollars a year. This at least has the advantage that fewer people are exposed to the paper's biased and often misleading articles and book reviews related to topics of minds, brains, nature, science and spirit. But I hear the paper has pretty good coverage about health, arts, sports, politics, world affairs and local affairs.

Postscript: The book Science and Psychical Phenomena by G. N.M. Tyrrell has a description of an even more careful preparation of a sealed envelope to test clairvoyant reading of its contents. On pages 75-76 we read this

"The mode of preparation of the sealed packet, carried out by Mr. Besterman in his office at the rooms of the Society for Psychical Research in London, was as follows. He took a sheet of paper measuring 93 mm. by 107 mm., and ruled with lines, from a loose-leafed note-book, and drew on it a rough sketch of an ink-bottle, writing in capital letters the words SWAN INK, one on each side of the bottle. Under the word SWAN, which was on the left of the bottle, he drew a blue line, and under the word ink on the other side he drew a red line. Then he folded the paper twice at right angfes, one of the folds running right through the word swan. 'This,' says Mr. Besterman, ‘was placed in a reddish-orange Ensign light-tight envelope (that is not transparent to white light), measuring 94 mm. by 119 mm. This envelope was in turn enclosed in a black Ensign  light-tight envelope, measuring 106 mm. by 130 mm. This black envelope was finally enclosed in a large Manilla envelope doubled in two, and thus measuring 114 mm by 152 mm. Each of these envelopes was closed in a special way and bore private and invisible marks. The outer doubled envelope was, in addition, sealed with surgical tape arranged in a special way and signed by me.' "

On page 77 we read of how the contents of the elaborately sealed packet were almost perfectly identified by the test subject located far away:

"It is a curious fact that M. Ossowiecki’s ‘readings’ did not take the form which suggested that he was actually reading the contents of the packet. Instead, he went backwards in time and described the scene in Mr. Besterman’s office when the packet was being prepared, giving, in fact, certain details about Mr. Besterman’s surroundings and the time of the day when the packet was sealed, and so forth, which could not possibly have been obtained from anything in the packet itself. He then took a pencil and drew an approximation to a bottle with a line on either side of it, adding ‘something written and something red.'  Next, he drew an unmistakable bottle with the letters SWA on the left and the letters IN on the right. Finally, he made a complete drawing of a bottle in the middle of the paper, and the word SWAN on the left and INK on the right, both in capital letters. Some distance below the word SWAN (not immediately underneath it as in the original), he drew a line with his pencil, which he said was red. Actually, in the original, SWAN was underlined in blue and the word INK on the other side of the bottle was underlined in red. But for this mistake, the reproduction was perfect, the shape of the bottle being exact."

The news story below appeared in the Washington Post on September 26, 1958:

"Swindling Charge Dismissed

Mind Reader Tested in Berlin Court Wins Acquittal by his Performance 

By Richard O’Regan 

BERLIN, Sept. 25, (AP)—Six spectators in a courtroom in sub- urban Berlin raised their hands. Yes, they told the judge they were willing to have their minds read by the man on trial.

They wrote six questions and handed them to the bench. The judge turned to Gerhard Belgardt, 39, otherwise known as Hanussen II, Germany’s No. 1 Mind reader.

None of the spectators nor the mind reader had been told that they might take part in a mind reading test.

Belgardt was accused of swindling clients in private seances by professing to give news of missing relatives.

The judge: “What is on the first piece of paper?’

Belgardt: “The lady is asking about her sister. She is an inch taller, considerably younger and works in a public building.’

The questioner: “That’s right. My sister works as a medical assistant.’

The judge: “What is on the next paper?’

Belgardt: “The man has asked about his son. He will come along well in school.’

The man: ‘Correct.’

The judge: 'The next questioner is a city detective. What has he written?’

Belgardt: ‘He asks about his mother or his grandmother. I have no contact. Either the question is phony or she is dead. The man has suffered long—a concentration camp. Is that correct?’

The detective: ‘Correct. I asked about my grandmother. She is dead. I was in a concentration camp.’

Three further questions were asked and Belgardt got the answers relatively right.

The judge dismissed the case declaring ‘the accused has a certain validity to his claims as a mind reader’.

Hanussen II, embracing his wife: ‘I had foreseen that I would be freed.' "

Thursday, October 22, 2015

Do 90% of Americans Believe in the Paranormal?

There is a new survey by Chapman University that claims to have determined that roughly half of Americans believe in the paranormal. The study reaches the claim that “half of Americans do believe in something paranormal.” But the methodology used to reach this claim is very faulty, and a strong case can be made that up to 90% or more of Americans believe in the paranormal (although much fewer might answer “Yes” if asked if they believe in the paranormal).

To try to determine how many people believe in the paranormal, the survey asked the respondents whether they believed in any of the seven items listed below. The percentages are the fraction that answered “Agree or strongly agree.”
 
Places can be haunted by spirits 41.4%
The living and dead can communicate with each other 26.5%
Dreams foretell the future 20.9%
Aliens visited Earth in our ancient past. 20.3%
Aliens have come to Earth in modern times. 18.1%
Astrologers, fortune tellers, and psychics can foresee the future. 13.9%
Bigfoot is a real creature 11.4%

Apparently their thinking was: just add up how many people expressed belief in at least one of these seven things, and that gives you how many Americans believe in the paranormal. But it makes little sense to try to deduce what fraction of Americans believe in the paranormal from such a limited list of questions. The questions cover only a small fraction of the phenomena that can be considered paranormal. Also, the wording of some of the questions is poor. For example, “Dreams can sometimes foretell the future” would have got a higher response rate than “Dreams foretell the future.”

That raises the question: what do we mean by paranormal? When you type “definition of paranormal” in Google.com, you can get a definition that isn't too bad, but which gives particular examples that should not be included in a definition: “Denoting events or phenomena such as telekinesis or clairvoyance that are beyond the scope of normal scientific understanding.” Telekinesis is one of the more poorly substantiated paranormal phenomena, so if you go asking people, in effect, if you believe in “stuff like telekinesis,” the great majority of people will say no. A skeptic might want to use such a definition, in hopes of getting some survey result saying that most people don't believe in the paranormal; but using that definition wouldn't be fair.

A better definition of paranormal is found at www.meriam-webster.com: “Very strange and not able to be explained by what scientists know about nature and the world.” This is a good broad definition that doesn't “poison the well” by mentioning particular beliefs. How many Americans believe in the paranormal, using this broad definition?

To answer that, we would have to ask many more questions than just the seven asked by the Chapman University survey. We would also have to ask about belief in ESP, belief in paranormal premonitions, belief in faith healing, belief that you can sometimes get what you want through intercessory prayer, belief in reincarnation, belief in demon possession, belief in any type of miracles reported in the Bible, and a large variety of other phenomena that qualify as “very strange and not able to be explained by what scientists know about nature and the world.”

I may note that there is no sound intellectual basis for saying that alleged phenomena such as ESP or UFOs should be considered paranormal but alleged phenomena such as biblical miracles or faith healing should not be considered paranormal, on the grounds that the latter beliefs have been around for so long that they are not “very strange” ideas. When talking about what is “very strange” here, we simply mean outside of what scientists can explain through scientific theory. From that standpoint, the idea that a human's prayers might be answered by God (or that God may have performed a miracle) is every bit as paranormal as items such as ESP or UFOs. 
 
So if we did in the right way our survey designed to find out how many Americans believe in the paranormal, it might look a little like this:

Do you believe:
Places can be haunted by spirits. Yes __ No __
The living and dead can communicate with each other. Yes __ No __
Dreams can sometimes foretell the future. Yes __ No __
Aliens visited Earth in our ancient past. Yes __ No __
Aliens have come to Earth in modern times. Yes __ No __
Some psychics can foresee the future. Yes __ No __
Bigfoot is a real creature. Yes __ No __
Humans can sometimes communicate through ESP. Yes __ No __
Photos can show strange things science cannot explain. Yes __ No __
Miracles were performed long ago. Yes __ No __
Faith healing sometimes produces dramatic healing. Yes __ No __
You can ask God for special favors, and have your prayers answered. Yes __ No __
There are special healers who can heal without using medicine. Yes __ No __
Some writers have written words that God sent to them. Yes __ No __
Miracles are sometimes performed in modern times. Yes __ No __
Some people get paranormal premonitions of disaster. Yes __ No __
Reincarnation sometimes occurs. Yes __ No __


Given a survey like this, I imagine that 80% or more of the American public would answer “Yes” to one of these questions. So it would seem that we should say that at least 80 percent of the American people believe in the paranormal.

But even a survey like the one above would not be complete. We should add at least one other paranormal item – one that is in the current canon of mainstream scientific thought.

I refer to the Big Bang. The Big Bang theory holds that our entire universe began in an infinitely dense point called the primordial singularity. This idea definitely does meet our definition of paranormal, which was: “very strange and not able to be explained by what scientists know about nature and the world.” Scientists have no explanation for the Big Bang, which is a total mystery. There are a few speculative ideas floating about as to the cause of the Big Bang, but no such speculation has gained general acceptance. I may note that the super-speculative idea of the universe beginning as a vacuum fluctuation has no actual support from anything scientists have ever observed, because no scientist has ever observed any visible object appearing as a result of a vacuum fluctuation, not even an object as big as a grain of sand. 

The Big Bang: It doesn't get more paranormal than this
 
The Big Bang is really the epitome of the paranormal – a totally strange, unexplained event observed only once. It would not be as paranormal if we were to observe an entire galaxy instantly popping into existence, or an entire planet instantly popping into existence.

So we should add this last line to our survey designed to find the percentage of Americans who believe in the paranormal:

Do you believe:
Places can be haunted by spirits. Yes __ No __
The living and dead can communicate with each other. Yes __ No __
Dreams can sometimes foretell the future. Yes __ No __
Aliens visited Earth in our ancient past. Yes __ No __
Aliens have come to Earth in modern times. Yes __ No __
Some psychics can foresee the future. Yes __ No __
Bigfoot is a real creature. Yes __ No __
Humans can sometimes communicate through ESP. Yes __ No __
Photos sometimes show strange things science cannot explain. Yes __ No __
Miracles were performed long ago. Yes __ No __
Faith healing sometimes produces dramatic healing. Yes __ No __
You can ask God for special favors, and have your prayers answered. Yes __ No __
There are special healers who can heal without using medicine. Yes __ No __
Some writers have written words that God sent to them. Yes __ No __
Miracles are sometimes performed in modern times. Yes __ No __
Some people get paranormal premonitions of disaster. Yes __ No __
Reincarnation sometimes occurs. Yes __ No __
Universe suddenly began in infinitely dense point (Big Bang) Yes __ No __

With the addition of this last line, we finally have a fairly complete survey designed to find out whether the respondent holds any paranormal beliefs, defined as “very strange and not able to be explained by what scientists know about nature and the world.” With the addition of this last line, the percentage of respondents answering at least one “Yes” answer would probably exceed 90%.

In short, a strong case can be made that 90% or more of Americans believe in the paranormal, in the sense of having a belief in at least one thing that is “very strange and not able to be explained by what scientists know about nature and the world.” I may note that a large fraction of Americans that say they don't believe in the paranormal will actually find that they do believe in at least one paranormal thing, if they do a complete inventory of their beliefs, and ask themselves whether at least one of these beliefs is a belief in something “very strange and not able to be explained by what scientists know about nature and the world.”

Postscript: A 2024 study of the 2534 in the Netherlands found that "55.6% of respondents qualify as paranormal believers based on the preregistered criterion that they believe in at least one phenomenon with considerable certainty." The study was collected by some skeptic organization, and there is reason to suspect that the detected level of belief in the paranormal would be much higher if it had been collected by a neutral body with polling expertise offering a secret ballot. One of the graphs in the paper is an outrageous example of deceptive graphical misrepresentation, in which you see things such as bars representing 50% looking four times longer than bars representing 25%.

A 2024 study says this:

"Like lucid dreams, precognitive dreams are commonplace with approximately 30%–60% of people claiming to have experienced a precognitive dream at least once in their lifetime (Eranimos & Funkhouser, 2023Haraldsson, 1985Pechey & Halligan, 2012Sherwood & Roe, 2013Van de Castle, 1977)."